Letitia's Homestead

With this application, she agreed to stay on this land, cultivating and improving it for five years.

In 1862, then-President Abraham Lincoln introduced the Homestead Act. This act granted 160 acres of government land to anyone who agreed to live on and actively improve the land for five years. If this person fulfilled this agreement, they could purchase the land for a small registration fee after five years. Unlike the earlier Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, the Homestead Act did not exclude people based on race or gender. Letitia took this opportunity to recreate the success she and David had cultivated in the Soap Creek Valley.

On June 17, 1863, she filed a claim for 154 acres in Douglas County under the federal Homestead Act. Letitia did not mention her formerly enslaved status in her claim, instead filing as a widow under the name “Letitia Carson.”

This document is the Homestead Application that Letitia Carson filled out previously to the affidavit. Completed on June 17th, 1863, this application is written and legal proof of Letitia's homesteading journey in Douglas County, where she moved with her children after the death of David Carson. She arrived on June 17th, 1863, and according to the Homestead Act of 1862, worked and cultivated the land for five years, improving it so as to claim it as her own after five years of dedication. The document describes the process of the 1862 Homestead Act and goes on to certify Letitia's right to and ownership of the land. It is then signed by John Kelly, Register of the Land Office at Roseburg, Oregon.

June 19, 1868 Letitia Carson Homestead Affidavit

Letitia worked tirelessly to fulfill the improvements to her land as mandated by the federal act. In an affidavit submitted by neighbors as part of her Homestead Act claim, it is noted that Letitia had built a two-story log home, a barn, a granary, and a smokehouse, and had planted approximately 100 fruit trees. Additionally, she raised a herd of cattle and hogs.

This application serves as legal proof of Letitia's homesteading journey in Douglas County, where she moved with her children after the death of David Carson. She arrived on June 17th, 1863, and according to the Homestead Act of 1862, worked and cultivated the land for five years, improving it so as to claim it as her own after five years of dedication.

Finally, on October 1, 1869, Letitia’s claim was certified. She was likely the first Black woman in Oregon to successfully receive a Homestead Act claim. In the 1870 census, Letitia appears as a landowner with land valued at around $1,000, and personal property valued at $625.

Letitia's Douglas County Homestead in Archival Sources

This document is the certificate awarding Letitia Carson ownership of the plot she settled on and then cultivated for five years in accordance with the Homestead Act of 1862.

This document is the certificate awarding Letitia Carson ownership of the plot she settled on and then cultivated for five years in accordance with the Homestead Act of 1862. Created by the Land Office at Roseburg, Oregon, this certificate says that Letitia has paid in full for her land, includes the coordinates, and then is signed by both Letitia Carson and John Kelly, Register of the Land Office on June 19th, 1868.

This document is the final receiver's receipt for Letitia Carson's Douglas County homestead. It was filed under the Acts of Congress approved May 20, 1862, and March 21, 1864, entitled “An act to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain.” It was signed by receiver Addison R. Smith on June 19th, 1868.

Letitia Carson filed a Homestead Act claim for 160 acres on South Myrtle Creek in Douglas County, Oregon. She filed as a “widow” and mother of two children. Although the act included “freed slaves,” Letitia did not identify herself as such. On October 1, 1869, Letitia Carson’s Homestead claim was certified by President Ulysses S. Grant; it was one of the first 71 homestead claims–of 1.6 million total–ever certified in the United States.

June 30, 1870, Carson Census

This document is a 1870 census recording of the citizens residing in the Myrtle Creek Precinct of Douglas County, Oregon, where Letitia resided after the death of David Carson.

This is page six of the document, which shows Letitia, "Tisha" Carson, and her son Jackson Carson living in Douglas County as housekeepers and farmers. Letitia's age is 52, and Jackson's is listed as 19, though other documentation asserts he was born in 1849, which would put him closer to 20 or 21 at the time of the census.

Letitia's race is listed as Black, and Jackson's is listed as Mulatto. The value of Letitia's personal estate is listed as $625, and the value of her real estate is listed as $1,000. Letitia's place of birth is listed as Kentucky, and Jack's appears to be listed as Eutah (Utah) Territory, which is incorrect as he was born in Benton County, Oregon Territory.

________________________________________

Next Page: After 1870

Previous Exhibit: E. Letitia Carson v. Greenberry Smith Next Exhibit: G. Soap Creek Valley Land After 1852

________________________________________

Browse Exhibits

Browse Collections

Browse Items